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Encoder models like BERT and RoBERTa have long been cornerstones of natural language processing (NLP), powering tasks such as text classification, retrieval, and toxicity detection. While newer models like GTE and CDE improved fine-tuning strategies for tasks like retrieval, they rely on outdated backbone architectures inherited from BERT.
However, generating synthetic data for NLP is non-trivial, demanding high linguistic knowledge, creativity, and diversity. Different methods, such as rule-based and data-driven approaches, have been proposed to generate synthetic data. Microsoft's PROSE ), employing multilingual BERT models (e.g.,
They used the BERT-Score metric to evaluate the diversity of the generated captions. This framework demonstrated higher BERT-Score values, generating captions with more diverse vocabularies. On the other hand, the template-based model exhibits improved performance because it benefits from the musical context present in the template.
Datascarcity: Paired natural anguage descriptions of music and corresponding music recordings are extremely scarce, in contrast to the abundance of image/descriptions pairs available online, e.g. in online art galleries or social media. This also makes the evaluation step harder and highly subjective.
DataScarcity in Certain Domains While ZSL alleviates some challenges associated with datascarcity, it does not eliminate them entirely—particularly in specialised fields where even related class data may be limited25. Auxiliary information can include semantic attributes (e.g.,
For instance, the analogy of the masked token prediction task used to train BERT is known as masked image modeling in computer vision. Conclusions The release of the Segment Anything Model has brought about a revolution in addressing datascarcity in image segmentation. Source: [link]. Source: own study.
For instance, the analogy of the masked token prediction task used to train BERT is known as masked image modeling in computer vision. Conclusions The release of the Segment Anything Model has brought about a revolution in addressing datascarcity in image segmentation. Source: [link]. Source: own study.
The pre-train and fine-tune paradigm, exemplified by models like ELMo and BERT, has evolved into prompt-based reasoning used by the GPT family. In information retrieval, where faster inference speed is crucial, lightweight models like Sentence-BERT remain widely used.
Symbolic Music Understanding ( MusicBERT ): MusicBERT is based on the BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) NLP model. It addresses issues in traditional end-to-end models, like datascarcity and lack of melody control, by separating lyric-to-template and template-to-melody processes.
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